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Gurung Dharma
Gurung Dharma describes the traditional shamanistic religion of the Gurung people of Nepal. This religion shares aspects with the Tibetan religion Bön and is often referred to as "Bön"; however, there exist significant distinctions between Gurung Dharma and Bön. Contemporary shamanistic rituals of Gurung Dharma such as blood offering rituals, veneration of the dead and nature worship are not practiced by modern Bönpa. Priestly practitioners of Gurung Dharma include lamas, ''klehpri (or ''ghyabri''), and ''pachyu'' (or ''paju''). Although any of these may function "shamans" in the context of Gurung Dharma, the general term for "shaman" is ''drom.'' 〔〔 Shamanistic elements among the Gurungs remain strong and most Gurungs often embrace Buddhist and Bön rituals in all communal activities.〔 Gurung Dharma in its purest form still exists; the religion is preserved to a large extent in Gurung traditions.
==Gurung Dharma==
Traditionally, Gurungs practice a form of Tibetan Buddhism heavily influenced by pre-Buddhist Tibetan religion (Bön). Characteristics of this influence include non-Buddhist belief in local deities and in an afterlife in the Land of Ancestors. Other traditional Gurung beliefs include spirit possession, supernatural forest creatures, shapeless wraiths, and spirits of humans that died violently, which populate locales. Gurung villages have their own local deities.〔
Gurung Dharma ascribes fundamental symbolic significance to death. The rites, called ''pae'' (also ''pai'' and ''pe''), are often shamanistic analogs or compliments to Tibetan Buddhist rituals. The funerary rite is the central ceremony, entailing three days and two nights of rituals to send souls to the Land of the Ancestors. These rituals may be officiated by either Klehpri, Pachyu, or Buddhist lamas. Among the Gurung, death involves the dissolution of bodily elements – earth, air, fire, and water. These elements are released in a series of rituals, nine for men and seven for women. One ritual in the freeing of souls involves a "Klehpri" injecting the spirit of the deceased through a string into a bird, which then appears to recognize family members and otherwise act unnaturally. The bird is symbolically sacrificed with the plucking of a few feathers, received by family members, after which the bird is released.〔 Once in the Land of the Ancestors, life continues much as in this world, however the spirit is able to take other incarnations.〔 From the Land of the Ancestors, spirits continue to take an interest in their surviving kinsmen, able to work good and evil in the realm of the living.〔
According to Gurung Dharma, the dead are either cremated or buried. After the cremation or burial, the family of the deceased constructs a small shrine on a hill to offer food to the spirit, which continues to remain and may cause misfortune. Sons of the deceased observe mourning for six to twelve months, during which they fast from meat and alcohol. A final funerary ceremony takes places a year or more after death, for which an expensive funeral rite is performed. This rite includes an effigy (called a ''pla'') of the deceased, draped in white cloth and decorated with ornaments. The death rituals close as ''klehpri'' addresses the spirit and sends it to its resting place, after which the hilltop shrine is dismantled.〔 Further rites ensue, during which the priest recites supplications to the "spirits of the four directions" for kind treatment as the deceased makes his way to the spirit realm, advises the departing soul on its choice between reincarnation and remaining in the Land of Ancestors, and admonishes it to stay away from its worldly cares and not to return prematurely.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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